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Patagonia Today

Los mapuche y el turismo cultural

Sorry, this article is only available in Español.

En el contexto de las luchas por la restitución de las tierras usurpadas históricamente por el Estado e inversionistas privados, la organización de la actividad económica mapuche se está volcando cada vez más a la explotación del turismo cultural. Si se reclamaba el derecho a la propiedad de tierras por su condición de reservorio de las prácticas ancestrales, costumbres y ritos sagrados, ¿resulta coherente entonces incorporar formas capitalistas de producción a su economía?

Centro de esquí mapuche Batea Mahuida

La globalización, naturalmente, se filtra por todos lados, atraviesa los tejidos sociales de punta a punta. El pueblo mapuche no está exento de este proceso y lógicamente muchos grupos terminaron integrándose al entramado capitalista, adoptando modalidades económicas ligadas al turismo cultural para suplir las deficiencias de la agricultura y la ganadería, las tradicionales actividades de subsistencia. De esta manera, el turismo se convirtió en su principal fuente de ingresos, pero la pregunta es: ¿a qué precio?

Bandera MapucheEs difícil determinar si las nuevas tendencias que convierten a la cultura mapuche en un producto de moda, apetecible por su exotismo, arrojan consecuencias positivas o negativas para las propias comunidades. Probablemente haya un poco de ambas.

Por un lado, hay que rescatar el hecho de que esta integración económica permite darle mayor visibilidad a sus demandas, si bien de ningún modo tapa la indignante situación económica, educativa y territorial, producto de la explotación a la que históricamente los sometió el winca u hombre blanco. Además, les permite tender lazos amistosos con otras culturas, contribuyendo a superar los prejuicios derivados de la injusta criminalización mediática que padecen los mapuches. Y todo Parque de Nieve Cerro Batea Mahuida en Villa Pehueniaello sin olvidar el beneficio económico que el turismo aporta a la comunidad. Un ejemplo claro de esto es el Parque de Nieve Cerro Batea Mahuida administrado por la Agrupación Mapuche Puel en la localidad neuquina de Villa Pehuenia.

Ahora bien, observando el cuadro desde otro costado, se puede objetar que hay una contradicción entre el respeto por el mandato de la tradición -junto a la negación de la propiedad privada inherente a la filosofía mapuche- y la adaptación al sistema (lo cual contrae el riesgo de la asimilación a la cultura occidental y la pérdida de los valores y los hábitos propios). Se integran al juego del hombre blanco y se muestran como un producto seductor dentro del mercado. Basta con vestirse a la manera tradicional y actuar Niños mapuches vestidos de la forma tradicionalun bailecito típico para el turista (aunque esas prácticas en muchos casos ya no reflejen el modo de vida de esas personas) para ganarse el sustento.

Porque todos sabemos que el turista suele acercarse a los mapuches por la experiencia de entrar en contacto con algo totalmente diferente, que no cuaja con los parámetros de la propia cultura, y que más bien es percibido como un estado de cultura silvestre, natural, custodio de la pureza original. Y en realidad esa apreciación es equivocada ya que le niega carácter cultural a esa otra forma de vida. Se trata de otra cultura y no de un pueblo incivilizado, susceptible de ser consumido como un dulce caramelo. La cuestión entonces pasa también por leer aquello que hacen los mapuches para alimentar esas falsas impresiones.

Mapuches en talleres de capacitación organizados por la Fundación Cruzada PatagónicaMás allá de estas encrucijadas cabe resaltar el valor de la búsqueda de alternativas de desarrollo y las luchas por la autodeterminación de un pueblo sistemáticamente marginado en la historia, de un lado y del otro de la Cordillera, primero por la acción de los ejércitos del Estado y ahora por el despojo territorial –y cultural- como consecuencia de las apropiaciones de tierras por parte de empresarios extranjeros.

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